A Flexible Piezoelectric PVDF/MXene Pressure Sensor for Roughness Discrimination

Accurate assessment of surface roughness is critical for numerous applications ranging from quality control in manufacturing to material characterization. To achieve a functional capability of roughness perception, a flexible pressure sensor based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Ti ₃ C ₂ (PVDF/MXene) nanocomposite is developed. The sensor consists of electrospun PVDF nanofibers embedded with two-dimensional MXene nanosheets. The MXene enhances the piezoelectric β- phase content of the PVDF up to 97.2% at optimal loading of 2.5 wt%. The PVDF/MXene nanocomposite exhibited high piezoelectric voltage sensitivity up to 0.059 V kPa ^-1 under applied pressures. Wavelet transform analysis of signals obtained by scanning the sensor on sandpapers of varying roughness showed distinct time-frequency patterns corresponding to different surface roughness levels. Unsupervised dimensionality reduction using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) revealed clustering of roughness data into distinct categories. A convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier achieved 98% accuracy in categorizing the surface roughness based on the sensor signal wavelet transforms. The piezoelectric nanocomposite sensor shows promise for surface metrology applications.