Noncanonical TRAIL Signaling Promotes Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Abundance and Tumor Growth in Cholangiocarcinoma

Proapoptotic tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) signaling as a cause of cancer cell death is a well-established mechanism. However, TRAIL-receptor (TRAIL-R) agonists have had very limited anticancer activity in humans, challenging the concept of TRAIL as a potent anticancer agent. Herein, we aimed to define mechanisms by which TRAIL+ cancer cells can leverage noncanonical TRAIL signaling in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) promoting their abundance in murine cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).Multiple immunocompetent syngeneic, orthotopic models of CCA were used. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) of CD45+ cells in murine tumors from the different CCA models was conducted.In multiple immunocompetent murine models of CCA, implantation of TRAIL+ murine cancer cells into Trail-r-/- mice resulted in a significant reduction in tumor volumes compared to wild type mice. Tumor-bearing Trail-r-/- mice had a significant decrease in the abundance of MDSCs due to attenuation of MDSC proliferation. Noncanonical TRAIL signaling with consequent NF-κB activation in MDSCs facilitated enhanced MDSC proliferation. scRNA-seq and CITE-seq of immune cells from murine tumors demonstrated enrichment of an NF-κB activation signature in MDSCs. Moreover, MDSCs were resistant to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis due to enhanced expression of cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (cFLIP), an inhibitor of proapoptotic TRAIL signaling. Accordingly, cFLIP knockdown sensitized murine MDSCs to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Finally, cancer cell-restricted deletion of Trail significantly reduced MDSC abundance and murine tumor burden.Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting TRAIL+ cancer cells for treatment of a poorly immunogenic cancer.