Metabolome–microbiome insights into therapeutic impact of 8‐O‐acetylharpagide against breast cancer in a murine model

Abstract Iridoid glycosides extract, which is the main active extract of Ajuga decumbens Thunb, has been proved to have anti‐breast cancer activity in previous studies. However, it is still unknown whether 8‐ O‐ acetylharpagide, a main active compound in the extract, has anti‐breast cancer activity. In this study, 4 T1 breast cancer mice model was first successfully established. Then the anti‐breast cancer effect of 8‐ O‐ acetylharpagide was systematically investigated. Feces were collected for metabolomics and 16S rRNA analysis to assess the potential mechanism. The results showed that 8‐ O‐ acetylharpagide was effective in reducing 4 T1 mouse tumor volume and weight compared with the model group. Metabolome analysis revealed 12 potential metabolite biomarkers in feces, mainly involved in primary bile acid biosynthesis and arachidonic acid metabolism. The 16S rRNA sequencing results demonstrated that 8‐ O‐ acetylharpagide modulated the abundance of the intestinal flora in 4 T1 mice. Spearman correlation analysis showed that calcitriol and prostaglandin G2 strongly correlated with Akkermansia , Firmicutes and Muribaculum . Overall, the active compound 8‐ O‐ acetylharpagide could inhibit significantly breast cancer growth in 4 T1 breast cancer model mice. The mechanism of the anti‐breast cancer effect of 8‐ O‐ acetylharpagide may be related to the regulation of primary bile acid biosynthesis and arachidonic acid metabolism and modulation of the abundance of Akkermansia and Firmicutes .