Phase 1/2 Randomized Clinical Trial of In-clinic acupuncture Prior to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Patients with High-risk Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer

BackgroundTreatment-related dose-limiting dysuria and irritative bladder symptoms are common in patients receiving intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to treat non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Acupuncture has been shown to reduce pain and urinary urgency/frequency in other patient populations.ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of weekly in-clinic preprocedural acupuncture among patients receiving induction BCG.Design, setting, and participantsPatients with high-risk NMIBC undergoing induction BCG were randomized 2:1 to a standardized acupuncture protocol (acupuncture) versus the standard-of-care control arm.InterventionIn-office acupuncture prior to each BCG instillation.Outcome measurements and statistical analysesFeasibility was assessed via recruitment, retention, and intervention adherence. Acupuncture safety and tolerability were assessed via physician-reported Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0 and adverse events (AEs). Secondary endpoints included BCG treatment adherence, patient-reported BCG-related toxicity, and bladder cancer–specific and generic (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer [EORTC]-QLQ-NMIBC-24 and EORTC-QLQ-NMIBC-C30) quality of life (QOL). Subjective assessments of acupuncture acceptability were performed through patient surveys.Results and limitationsA total of 43 individuals were randomized 2:1 to the acupuncture (n = 28) versus control (n = 15) group. The median age was 70.3 yr, and 76% were male. Week 7 follow-up surveys were completed by 93%; six participants withdrew early due to disease progression, refractory gross hematuria, or preference. Acupuncture was delivered successfully prior to each BCG treatment, with no acupuncture-related AEs or interruptions to induction BCG. BCG-attributed AEs were reported by 91% acupuncture and 100% control individuals, including pain (28% vs 43%, p = 0.34) and urinary symptoms (62% vs 79%, p = 0.31). Comparing acupuncture patients with controls, change in QOL over the study period demonstrated greater improvements in median urinary symptoms (9.5, interquartile range [IQR] 0.0–19.0 vs 0.0, IQR –14.3 to 7.1; p = 0.02) among patients in the acupuncture arm. Of the acupuncture patients, 96% reported that acupuncture was "very/extremely helpful," and 91% would recommend acupuncture to other patients. Limitations include modest sample size and single-institution design.ConclusionsAcupuncture prior to induction BCG treatments is feasible and safe. In this phase 1/2 trial, improved urinary function scores were observed among patients undergoing acupuncture. Patients receiving acupuncture reported high degrees of satisfaction with treatments.Patient summaryWe evaluated the safety and feasibility of delivering acupuncture in a urology clinic prior to weekly intravesical bladder cancer treatments with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in a randomized controlled trial. We found that acupuncture could be delivered safely prior to weekly BCG instillations and that the use of acupuncture was associated with high patient satisfaction and a decrease in patient-reported urinary symptoms compared with usual care.