Evidence-based potential of generative artificial intelligence large language models in orthodontics: a comparative study of ChatGPT, Google Bard, and Microsoft Bing

印为红字的 Microsoft excel 计算机科学 清晰 人工智能 统计 机器学习 自然语言处理 心理学 数学 数学教育 生物化学 操作系统 化学
作者
Miltiadis A. Makrygiannakis,Kostis Giannakopoulos,Eleftherios G. Kaklamanos
出处
期刊:European Journal of Orthodontics [Oxford University Press]
标识
DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjae017
摘要

The increasing utilization of large language models (LLMs) in Generative Artificial Intelligence across various medical and dental fields, and specifically orthodontics, raises questions about their accuracy.This study aimed to assess and compare the answers offered by four LLMs: Google's Bard, OpenAI's ChatGPT-3.5, and ChatGPT-4, and Microsoft's Bing, in response to clinically relevant questions within the field of orthodontics.Ten open-type clinical orthodontics-related questions were posed to the LLMs. The responses provided by the LLMs were assessed on a scale ranging from 0 (minimum) to 10 (maximum) points, benchmarked against robust scientific evidence, including consensus statements and systematic reviews, using a predefined rubric. After a 4-week interval from the initial evaluation, the answers were reevaluated to gauge intra-evaluator reliability. Statistical comparisons were conducted on the scores using Friedman's and Wilcoxon's tests to identify the model providing the answers with the most comprehensiveness, scientific accuracy, clarity, and relevance.Overall, no statistically significant differences between the scores given by the two evaluators, on both scoring occasions, were detected, so an average score for every LLM was computed. The LLM answers scoring the highest, were those of Microsoft Bing Chat (average score = 7.1), followed by ChatGPT 4 (average score = 4.7), Google Bard (average score = 4.6), and finally ChatGPT 3.5 (average score 3.8). While Microsoft Bing Chat statistically outperformed ChatGPT-3.5 (P-value = 0.017) and Google Bard (P-value = 0.029), as well, and Chat GPT-4 outperformed Chat GPT-3.5 (P-value = 0.011), all models occasionally produced answers with a lack of comprehensiveness, scientific accuracy, clarity, and relevance.The questions asked were indicative and did not cover the entire field of orthodontics.Language models (LLMs) show great potential in supporting evidence-based orthodontics. However, their current limitations pose a potential risk of making incorrect healthcare decisions if utilized without careful consideration. Consequently, these tools cannot serve as a substitute for the orthodontist's essential critical thinking and comprehensive subject knowledge. For effective integration into practice, further research, clinical validation, and enhancements to the models are essential. Clinicians must be mindful of the limitations of LLMs, as their imprudent utilization could have adverse effects on patient care.

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