Modeling Path Effects Due to 3D Velocity Structure for Nonergodic Ground-Motion Models: A Case Study Using Turkish Ground-Motion Data

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to assess the performance of different path-effect models for developing nonergodic ground motion models (GMMs) using a Turkish ground-motion database. The cell-specific attenuation approach is widely used to capture path effects in the formulation of nonergodic GMMs. However, this approach can mainly capture anelastic attenuation effects associated with the spatial variation of the quality factor, and it is limited in capturing 3D velocity structure effects, which may be, in particular, relevant for long-period ground motions or short-distance and short-period ground motions. Recent efforts have introduced new models to incorporate 3D velocity structure effects; however, the assessment of these models in the context of instrumentally recorded ground motions is limited. This study assesses the performance of three path-effects models for Türkiye. Specifically, we consider the cell-specific attenuation approach and two additional models based on Gaussian processes but with a different parametrization on how they represent the spatial correlation of path effects. The results indicate that the models based on Gaussian processes outperform the cell-specific approach for long-period spectral accelerations and short-period ground motions at short distances, offering significant aleatory standard deviation reductions. The differences between the Gaussian process-based models are also discussed, highlighting how their parameterization is reflected in prediction patterns. This study contributes to the transition from ergodic to nonergodic approaches in performance-based earthquake engineering.