A review of plant-derived gums and mucilages: Structural chemistry, film forming properties and application

Plant-based gums and mucilages are versatile biopolymers with significant industrial, environmental, and biological applications. Derived from various plant sources such as seeds, roots, leaves, and exudates, these polysaccharides comprise proteins, bioactive substances, and neutral sugars like arabinose, galactose, and galacturonic acid. Their unique structural and functional properties, such as high viscosity, water retention, and heat stability, make them valuable in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Due to their hydrophilic nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds with water, these materials serve as emulsifiers, film-forming agents, gelling agents, and stabilizers. Recent studies have highlighted their potential in sustainable applications, including biodegradable packaging materials, whose film-forming properties are crucial. The inclusion of bioactive properties such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and immune-modulating effects has expanded their use in functional foods and nutraceuticals. Gums and mucilages also play essential roles in pharmaceuticals as tablet binders, drug carriers, and controlled-release excipients. Moreover, nanotechnology has enhanced its applications in environmental remediation and drug delivery through hydrogels and mucilage-coated nanoparticles. Despite their potential, challenges remain due to variability in extraction and processing methods. This analysis underscores the transformative potential of plant-derived gums and mucilages in promoting sustainable development, addressing key environmental challenges and integrating scientific innovations with industrial needs.