To improve the positioning accuracy and efficiency of indoor visible light communication, a new indoor visible light positioning method based on the Chaotic Seagull Optimization Algorithm (CSOA) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, this paper analyzes the advantages and problems of indoor positioning technology based on visible light communication and introduces the current research status of visible light positioning at home and abroad. Secondly, the traditional seagull algorithm is improved by introducing chaotic mapping, improving control parameters, and Logistic chaos perturbation, to improve the speed and accuracy of indoor visible light communication. Moreover, compared with other intelligent algorithms, experimental data show that the visible light positioning accuracy of the improved Seagull algorithm proposed in this paper has been improved. Positioning time will also be reduced. Finally, this paper also summarizes the simulation results. In the future, the parameter and positioning models will be further optimized to improve the stability of visible light positioning.