Magnitude, Trends, and Variability of the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1985 to 2018

Abstract This contribution to the RECCAP2 (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes) assessment analyzes the processes that determine the global ocean carbon sink, and its trends and variability over the period 1985–2018, using a combination of models and observation‐based products. The mean sea‐air CO 2 flux from 1985 to 2018 is −1.6 ± 0.2 PgC yr −1 based on an ensemble of reconstructions of the history of sea surface pCO 2 (pCO 2 products). Models indicate that the dominant component of this flux is the net oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 , which is estimated at −2.1 ± 0.3 PgC yr −1 by an ensemble of ocean biogeochemical models, and −2.4 ± 0.1 PgC yr −1 by two ocean circulation inverse models. The ocean also degasses about 0.65 ± 0.3 PgC yr −1 of terrestrially derived CO 2 , but this process is not fully resolved by any of the models used here. From 2001 to 2018, the pCO 2 products reconstruct a trend in the ocean carbon sink of −0.61 ± 0.12 PgC yr −1 decade −1 , while biogeochemical models and inverse models diagnose an anthropogenic CO 2 ‐driven trend of −0.34 ± 0.06 and −0.41 ± 0.03 PgC yr −1 decade −1 , respectively. This implies a climate‐forced acceleration of the ocean carbon sink in recent decades, but there are still large uncertainties on the magnitude and cause of this trend. The interannual to decadal variability of the global carbon sink is mainly driven by climate variability, with the climate‐driven variability exceeding the CO 2 ‐forced variability by 2–3 times. These results suggest that anthropogenic CO 2 dominates the ocean CO 2 sink, while climate‐driven variability is potentially large but highly uncertain and not consistently captured across different methods.