Humoral immune responses primed by the alteration of gut microbiota were associated with galactose-deficient IgA1 production in IgA nephropathy

Galactose-deficient IgA1 (GdIgA1) is critical in the formation of immunodeposits in IgA nephropathy (IgAN), whereas the origin of GdIgA1 is unknown. We focused on the immune response to fecal microbiota in patients with IgAN.