A replication study using the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase®) to evaluate whether an association between ketamine and esketamine and alcohol and substance misuse exists

Ketamine and esketamine are increasingly prescribed in the treatment of resistant mood disorders and persons at risk of suicide. Ketamine is a drug of misuse with increasing non-therapeutic use in the general population. Herein, our aim was to determine whether ketamine and/or esketamine are disproportionately associated with reports of substance and/or alcohol misuse.