Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on blood pressure in overweight or obese patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are novel medications with proven efficacy in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, and are increasingly being used for weight loss. They may potentially have benefit in treating metabolic disorders; however, evidence is sparse with regards to treating high blood pressure (BP). We performed a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression investigating the efficacy of GLP-1 RAs in lowering BP in obese or overweight patients. Methods: Three electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL) were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from inception to 13 February 2024. Pair-wise meta-analysis and random effects meta-regression models were utilized. Fixed effects meta-analysis was used to unify treatment effects across different GLP-1 RA doses. Results: We included a total of 30 RCTs with a combined population of 37 072 patients. GLP-1 RAs demonstrated a mean systolic BP (SBP) reduction of −3.37 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI) −3.95 to −2.80] and a mean diastolic BP (DBP) reduction of −1.05 mmHg (95% CI −1.46 to −0.65) compared with placebo. This effect was consistent across subgroups for diabetic status, formulation of GLP-1 RA, follow-up duration and route of administration for both SBP and DBP, with the exception of subgroups investigating exenatide. Meta-regression suggested no significant correlation between BP reduction and baseline characteristics such as age, percentage of male patients, HbA1c, weight, BMI, and percentage of patients with hypertension. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis suggests significant BP reduction benefits from GLP-1 RA use in obese or overweight patients, consistent across diabetic status, duration of treatment, and across route of administration.