Ammopiptanthus nanus (M. Pop. ) Cheng f. stem ethanolic extract ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway-mediated macrophage infiltration

Ammopiptanthus nanus (M. Pop. ) Cheng f. (A. nanus), a traditional Kirgiz medicinal plant, its stem has shown potential in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China, either through oral medication or by topical application directly to the affected joints, but its underlying mechanism of action remains unexplored.