Nano-innovations in lubrication: Unveiling the synergistic boundary lubrication potential of zinc titanate with phosphonium ionic liquid

This study investigates the potential of Zinctitanate (ZnTiO3) nanoparticles (APS <100 nm) as nano-additives in lubricant formulations, in conjunction with phosphonium phosphate ionic liquids. Comparative analysis against well-established nano-additives highlights ZnTiO3's exceptional dispersion stability, enduring beyond 225 days. Tribological assessments unveil significant enhancements in antiwear, antifriction, and extreme pressure properties, with 1 wt% ZnTiO3 outperforming the base oil. The ZnTiO3 hybrid nanolubricants exhibited notable synergy, achieving a 49 % reduction in wear compared to hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and Boehmite NPs. Surface characterization confirms the formation of a protective transfer film (≥100 nm thick), attributed to ZnTiO3's disintegration under tribostress. This results in the development of a mixed metallic metal oxide interfacial film composed of (FeTiO3, FePO4, and ZnO) domains on exposed nascent steel surfaces through tribochemical reactions. These findings suggest ZnTiO3 as a promising nano-additive for advanced lubricants, offering substantial improvements in dispersion stability and tribological performance.