All-back-contact neutral-colored transparent crystalline silicon solar cells enabling seamless modularization

Transparent solar cells (TSCs) hold substantial potential as continuous energy generators, enabling their use in situations where conventional devices may not be feasible. However, research aimed at modularizing TSCs for the purpose of regulating the overall voltage and current they produce, a critical step toward practical application, is still in its nascent stages. In this study, we explored a custom-designed, all-back-contact (ABC) configuration, which situates all electrical contacts on the rear side, to create glass-like transparent crystalline silicon ( c- Si) solar cells and seamless modules. The ABC design not only demonstrates high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in solar cells but also ensures unobstructed visibility through transparent solar modules. Notably, ABC - transparent c- Si solar cells achieved a peak PCE of 15.8% while maintaining an average visible transmittance of 20%. Through seamlessly interconnecting the unit cells, the output voltage and power were systematically tuned from 0.64 V and 15.8 mW (for a 1 cm 2 -sized unit cell) to 10.0 V and 235 mW (for a 16 cm 2 -sized module). Furthermore, we successfully demonstrated the photocharging of a smartphone using a transparent ABC solar module.