Key bottlenecks and distinct contradictions in fast commercialization of perovskite solar cells

Abstract Despite significant improvements in photo-electricity conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) over the past several years, this emerging photovoltaic technology is still years away from large-scale commercial application. In this review, important research progresses on PSCs’ ‘golden triangle’ parameters of efficiency, stability, and cost in literatures were objectively analyzed. We focused on their key bottlenecks and distinct contradictions hindering their fast commercialization. We also proposed the most urgent directions requiring intensive research and development input in the coming years to speed up the commercialization process of PSCs.