Tertiary prevention in cancer care: Understanding and addressing the psychological dimensions of cancer during the active treatment period.

Tertiary prevention refers to care aimed at reducing morbidity and disability in people diagnosed with, and being treated for, disease. This article focuses on psychological aspects of tertiary prevention during the active phase of cancer treatment. Research in this area gained momentum in the 1970s, a time that coincides with changing public attitudes about discussing cancer and the origins of health psychology and behavioral medicine as fields of study. Over the past 40 years, much has been learned about the psychological impact of cancer and the beneficial effects of psychological interventions on patients' mental and physical well-being. The amount of research in this area necessitates a selective, rather than comprehensive, review approach. The focus here is on issues that affect a large proportion of people with cancer and for which research has generated an in-depth understanding. Accordingly, the article summarizes findings regarding the prevalence, etiology, and contributing factors, and the clinical management of, two of the most common psychological reactions to cancer diagnosis and treatment (i.e., depression and anxiety) and two of the most common physical symptoms related to cancer and its treatment (i.e., fatigue and pain). The review also summarizes emerging lines of research on psychological reactions to recurrent and second cancers, and on cancer diagnosis and treatment as a "teachable moment" for promoting health behavior change. Finally, important future directions are identified, including the need to adopt a team science approach to tertiary care and to better translate findings from intervention research into clinical practice.