Genesis of high-grade lode gold shoot dominated by ore fluid overprinting during a ductile-brittle shear event

Lode gold deposits hosted by ductile-brittle shear zones account for more than one-third of the world’s gold production. High-grade ore shoots from this type of deposit are the most critical exploration targets. The ore shoots can form through the post-depositional deformation of auriferous sulfides or overprinting of ore fluids accompanied by coupled dissolution-reprecipitation (CDR) reactions. However, the mechanism that dominates ore shoot genesis remains unknown, primarily due to the controversial single progressive or polyphase nature of ore-bearing shear zones. Here, we report on geological and geochemical analyses we conducted at the large Hetai goldfield, South China, to construct an accurate gold upgrading model for the formation of ore shoots. Stages 1−3 of mineralization at Hetai show features typical of ductile shearing, while Stage 4 is characterized by quartz-sulfide veinlets in brittle fractures. 40Ar/39Ar ages of ca. 184 Ma and 157 Ma for the mineralization of stages 1 and 4 overlap with the regionally dextral ductile-brittle shear that occurred during ca. 210−162 Ma. Thus, the gold event at Hetai should have been controlled by a single progressive ductile-brittle shear episode, rather than polyphase structural events. The auriferous fluids at Hetai precipitated minor invisible gold in pyrites (mean 0.173 ppm) produced during stages 1−4 through fluid-rock interaction. The systematic increase of elements Au, As, Sb, Bi, Ag, and Cu and δ34S values in ductile-deformed pyrites from stages 1−3 indicate that early invisible gold upgrading should be the result of the post-depositional remobilization of auriferous sulfides during the long-lived ductile-brittle transition. Cataclastic pyrites hosting invisible gold from Stage 4 have zoned and porous mantles with elevated invisible gold (mean 0.503 ppm) and Sb, Bi, Pb, Co, Ni, and Ti contents. These pyrites are further replaced by chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite with increasing invisible gold, Co, and Ni contents. In addition, numerous visible native gold grains in Stage 4 are included in sulfides formed by replacement and develop along the microfractures and grain boundaries of these sulfides. We suggest the late invisible and visible gold upgrading events in Stage 4 can be attributed to the auriferous fluid superposition and subsequent replacement of pyrite via CDR reactions in a brittle regime. Therefore, the gold upgrading process at Hetai is jointly caused by the early remobilization induced by ductile-brittle deformation and the late ore fluid superposition with accompanying CDR reactions within a brittle domain. As the ore fluid superposition and CDR reactions in Stage 4 produce a significant amount of visible gold, they exert a first-order control on the genesis of ore shoots at Hetai. The refined model may be widely applicable to lode gold deposits elsewhere and can be used to identify regions with promising exploration targets.