Lanthanide series of metals

The lanthanide series of metals includes the 15 elements with atomic numbers 57–71, plus yttrium (atomic number 39) and scandium (atomic number 21). They have found increased importance and use in various technological applications including in powerful magnets, pharmaceuticals, specialized glass, consumer electronics, catalysts, and alloys. The lanthanides generally have low toxicity, with few instances of human systemic toxicity having been observed. None of the lanthanide compounds tested to date are mutagenic or carcinogenic. The soluble lanthanides are toxic to some aquatic life forms, but generally less so to terrestrial plants and animals. The lanthanides generally have low potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the environment.