Nutrient levels control root growth responses to high ambient temperature in plants

Abstract Global warming will lead to significantly increased temperatures on earth. Plants respond to high ambient temperature with altered developmental and growth programs, termed thermomorphogenesis. Here we show that thermomorphogenesis is conserved in Arabidopsis, soybean, and rice and that it is linked to a decrease in the levels of the two macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. We also find that low external levels of these nutrients abolish root growth responses to high ambient temperature. We show that in Arabidopsis, this is due to the function of the transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 ( HY5 ) and its transcriptional regulation of the transceptor NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.1 ( NRT1.1 ). Soybean and Rice homologs of these genes are expressed consistently with a conserved role in regulating temperature responses in a nitrogen and phosphorus level dependent manner. Overall, our data show that root thermomorphogenesis is a conserved feature in species of the two major groups of angiosperms, monocots and dicots, that it leads to a reduction of nutrient levels in the plant, and that it is dependent on sufficient environmental nutrient supply, a regulatory process mediated by the HY5-NRT1.1 module.