Psycho-physiological restoration with audio-visual interactions through virtual reality simulations of soundscape and landscape experiences in urban, waterfront, and green environments

The literature lacks a model of the specific environmental element that induces restoration. Thus, this study contributes to the development of sustainable and healthy environments by examining the effect of the soundscape and landscape experience on psycho-physiological restoration from the audio-visual interaction perspective. It examined various urban and natural environments to propose a restoration model for environmental design application. Sixty participants evaluated three each of urban, waterfront, and green environments using virtual reality technology. The audio-visual characteristics of environments were quantified, and environmental perception was assessed per 14 audio-visual element identifications, six perceived affective qualities, and six overall environmental qualities. The restoration responses were classified as psychological and physiological. Accordingly, 10 restoration models that can interpret design factors of the urban environment with a maximum correlation of 0.80 and an explanatory power of 22 % emerged from urban audio-visual design elements and psycho-physiological responses. Consequently, to improve restoration response, visually attractive and spatial-natural landscapes and acoustically supportive and tranquil soundscapes should be created. Moreover, urban designers can use the models to clearly identify physical characteristics that should be prioritized when promoting the health improvement of urbanites. Furthermore, the study findings can serve as basic data for the development of healthy environments.