Biogeography of intestinal mucus-associated microbiome: Depletion of genus Pseudomonas is associated with depressive-like behaviors in female cynomolgus macaques

Depression is a debilitating and poorly understood mental disorder. There is an urgency to explore new potential biological mechanisms of depression and the gut microbiota is a promising research area. Our study was aim to understand regional heterogeneity and potential molecular mechanisms underlying depression induced by dysbiosis of mucus-associated microbiota. Here, we only selected female macaques because they are more likely to form a natural social hierarchy in a harem-like environment. Because high-ranking macaques rarely displayed depressive-like behaviors, we selected seven monkeys from high-ranking individuals as control group (HC) and the same number of low-ranking ones as depressive-like group (DL), which displayed significant depressive-like behaviors. Then, we collected mucus from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon of DL and HC monkeys for shotgun metagenomic sequencing, to profile the biogeography of mucus-associated microbiota along duodenum to colon. Compared with HC, DL macaques displayed noticeable depressive-like behaviors such as longer duration of huddle and sit alone behaviors (negative emotion behaviors), and fewer duration of locomotion, amicable and ingestion activities (positive emotion behaviors). Moreover, the alpha diversity index (Chao) could predict aforementioned depressive-like behaviors along duodenum to colon. Further, we identified that genus Pseudomonas was consistently decreased in DL group throughout the entire intestinal tract except for the jejunum. Specifically, there were 10, 18 and 28 decreased Pseudomonas species identified in ileum, cecum and colon, respectively. Moreover, a bacterial module mainly composed of Pseudomonas species was positively associated with three positive emotion behaviors. Functionally, Pseudomonas was mainly involved in microbiota derived lipid metabolisms such as PPAR signaling pathway, cholesterol metabolism, and fat digestion and absorption. Different regions of intestinal mucus-associated microbiota revealed that depletion of genus Pseudomonas is associated with depressive-like behaviors in female macaques, which might induce depressive phenotypes through regulating lipid metabolism.