Target of Rapamycin (TOR): A Master Regulator in Plant Growth, Development, and Stress Responses

The target of rapamycin (TOR) is a central regulator of growth, development, and stress adaptation in plants. This review delves into the molecular intricacies of TOR signaling, highlighting its conservation and specificity across eukaryotic lineages. We explore the molecular architecture of TOR complexes, their regulation by a myriad of upstream signals, and their consequential impacts on plant physiology. The roles of TOR in orchestrating nutrient sensing, hormonal cues, and environmental signals are highlighted, illustrating its pivotal function in modulating plant growth and development. Furthermore, we examine the impact of TOR on plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses, underscoring its potential as a target for agricultural improvements. This synthesis of current knowledge on plant TOR signaling sheds light on the complex interplay between growth promotion and stress adaptation, offering a foundation for future research and applications in plant biology.