Tumour‐Associated Macrophages in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

ABSTRACT Objective Tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are crucial in the progression and treatment response of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). TAMs infiltrate OSCC, adopting an M2‐like phenotype that promotes tumour growth, metastasis and immune suppression. The current narrative review explored the roles of TAMs in OSCC, focusing on their impact on the tumour microenvironment, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, immunosuppression and potential therapeutic targeting. Methods A comprehensive analysis of the current literature on TAMs in OSCC was conducted. Specifically, we evaluated the biological functions of TAMs, their interactions within the tumour microenvironment, and their influence on disease progression and treatment outcomes. Results TAMs contribute to OSCC progression by secreting cytokines, such as IL‐10 and TGF‐β, that inhibit effector immune cells. They facilitate angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodelling and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, which are essential for tumour invasion and metastasis. TAMs support cancer stem cells and recruit regulatory T cells and myeloid‐derived suppressor cells, enhancing resistance to therapies. Their presence correlates with advanced OSCC stages, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. Conclusion TAMs regulate OSCC progression and therapy resistance. Reprogramming them to an M1‐like phenotype or depleting them enhances treatments. Understanding TAM–OSCC interactions is crucial for developing interventions against their tumour‐promoting functions and restoring anti‐tumour immunity.