Strong out-of-plane piezoelectric properties in Janus PdXY (X, Y = O, S, Se, Te; X ≠ Y) monolayers: A first-principles study

The development of piezoelectric materials is limited by incomplete internal mechanisms and a lack of vertical piezoelectricity. This study introduces Janus PdXY (X, Y= O, S, Se, Te; X ≠ Y) monolayers as innovative candidates for superior piezoelectric performance, as predicted by density functional theory. Our study reveals that these materials possess exceptional in-plane and out-of-plane piezoelectric properties, with the out-of-plane coefficient d33 being up to two orders of magnitude greater than that of conventional Janus materials. This enhancement is attributed to the electron contributions and correlates with the Bader charge difference and electronegativity difference ratio, which conforms to the P-R mechanism. Additionally, the impact of layer thickness on piezoelectric coefficients is evaluated. These findings highlight the potential of Janus PdXY monolayers for advanced nanoscale flexible piezoelectric devices and offer valuable insights for the design of transition metal dichalcogenide-based Janus materials with robust out-of-plane piezoelectricity.