Bullous pemphigoid and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract We aimed to systematically review and meta‐analyze the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and bullous pemphigoid (BP). Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a prevalent autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease. Comorbid health conditions like neurological diseases and malignancies have been associated with BP. Growing evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may increase the risk of developing BP. This review aims to synthesize this evidence. A systematic literature review was performed using Medline, PubMed, and Scopus in March 2022. Studies exploring the association between BP and DM were included. Data were extracted, and quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Meta‐analysis was conducted to identify the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the association. Seventeen studies were included, most being case–control studies from Europe and Asia. The pooled OR was 2.06 (95% CI: 1.61–2.62), suggesting a significant association between DM and BP. However, strong heterogeneity ( I 2 = 88%) was observed. Evidence consolidates a significant relationship between DM and BP, potentially due to alterations in the immune system and skin properties caused by diabetes. Strengths of this review include a comprehensive search, rigorous methodology, large sample size, and heterogeneity evaluation. However, varying study quality, potential publication bias, and unaccounted confounding factors present limitations. There is a potential link between T2DM and an increased risk of BP. Further studies are required to understand this association and the underlying mechanisms.