The Evolution of Cement Fixation in Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Aseptic loosening and infection are two of the leading causes of revision in total knee arthroplasty. While several patient-related factors can play a role in the development of these complications, there are certain modifiable surgeon factors that can help mitigate the risk. Intraoperatively, this can begin with the curing process of bone cement which is broken down into four different stages: mixing, waiting, working, and setting. Understanding each stage of the process is beneficial in obtaining successful long-term outcomes. Developing optimal bone-cement penetration is of utmost importance in establishing a strong interface. Proper penetration of cement is dependent on multiple factors including the cement's properties along with its application to the prosthesis and bone surfaces. Combinations of different cement application techniques have yielded results with varying bone-cement interface strength. While a proper cementation technique is critical to the long-term success of a total knee replacement, other factors, such as antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC), can help prevent and treat complications (such as infection). Although ALBC was not approved in North America by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) until 2003, it was first described in 1970 and has been routinely used in revision total knee arthroplasty with reliable antibiotic elution properties and an acceptable safety profile.