Impairment of autonomic emotional response for executive function in children with ADHD: A multi-modal fNIRS and pupillometric study during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

威斯康星卡片分类测试 心理学 执行职能 瞳孔测量 听力学 认知 注意缺陷多动障碍 瞳孔反应 斯特罗普效应 神经心理学 持续绩效任务 发展心理学 小学生 执行功能障碍 临床心理学 神经科学 医学
作者
Yoshimi Kaga,Tetsuo Ohyama,Yusuke Goto,Kakuro Aoyagi,Sayaka Ishii,Takeshi Inukai,Masao Aihara
出处
期刊:Brain & Development [Elsevier BV]
卷期号:44 (7): 438-445 被引量:2
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.braindev.2022.03.007
摘要

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often experience difficulties with emotional control and a consequent inability to perform tasks. To clarify the effects of emotional behavior on cognitive functions, we aimed to determine the association between emotional changes and executive functions in children with ADHD by measuring the pupil diameter changes associated with emotional changes.This study included 14 children with ADHD and 10 typically developing children (TDC) aged between 10 and 16 years. During the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), which is related to context formation and task switching among executive functions, changes in pupil diameter and frontal oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were recorded simultaneously. Pupil diameter changes during "cognitive shift" and "consecutive correction" were compared between both groups.During cognitive shift, the pupils of children with ADHD contracted, whereas those of the TDC were mydriatic. During consecutive correction, the pupils of children with ADHD were mydriatic, whereas those of the TDC tended to contract. These results correlated with WCST performance. Moreover, during cognitive shifts, changes in bilateral frontal blood flow were increased in TDC, but not in children with ADHD.The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays an important role in pupillary diameter response. These results suggest that the LC-NE system may be dysfunctional in children with ADHD, and the system's abnormality may lead to affective abnormalities in such patients, which results in poor performance on WCST (i.e., impaired executive functions).
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