Temperature-dependent Raman study of Ce0.75Nd0.25O2−δ nanocrystals

Raman spectra of Nd doped ceria nanocrystals were measured by gradual heating and cooling over the temperature range of 293–1073K and analyzed using the phonon confinement model that incorporates inhomogeneous strain and anharmonic effects. We have demonstrated that in nanograins, four-phonon anharmonic processes are more dominant at higher temperatures than size effects. After the heat treatment, Nd doped ceria nanocrystals remain of nanometric range (∼20nm) while the concentration of oxygen vacancies is still high in ceria lattice, making this material convenient for solid oxide fuel cells application.