Physical Chemistry of Metallurgical Processes, Second Edition

during my 3 years (1978)(1979)(1980)(1981) of visit to the United States.But, while taking account of the rapid development of theoretical knowledge in recent years in gassolid (roasting and reduction) and liquid-solid (leaching and precipitation) reactions, I was in a dilemma regarding the extent to which mathematical expressions should be incorporated in the book.After spending a lot of time on the mathematical contents while teaching the same course in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Banaras Hindu University, I concluded that it should be possible to discuss the new developments in a satisfactory manner without going into the use of advanced mathematics by giving more emphasis on thermodynamics, which brings out more convincing evidence as compared to kinetics involving complex expressions.This decision has helped me in the preparation of a book of reasonable size covering various process steps in production of different types of metals, namely common, reactive, rare, and refractory.In the past, during 1950-1970, most textbooks on extractive metallurgy described processes for production of different metals emphasizing the technology rather than the basic principles involved.The physical chemistry of the processes has been restricted to mere listing of chemical reactions expected to be taking place.However, the book entitled Physical Chemistry of Iron and SteelMaking by Professor R. G. Ward published in 1962 has been an exception.With rapid increase in the number of extraction processes on the industrial scale, it became difficult to bring out the comprehensive idea of all metallurgical fundamentals for the development of future vii