Apostichopus japonicus Oligopeptide Induced Heterogeneity in the Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiota and Alleviated Hyperuricemia in a Microbiota‐Dependent Manner

Scope This study aims to investigate the protective effect of Apostichopus japonicus oligopeptide (AJOP) on hyperuricemia, demonstrate the modulation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota, and clarify the underlying microbiota‐dependent mechanism. Methods and Results Hyperuricemic mice treated with AJOP and subjected to corresponding fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are used to observe the beneficial effects of AJOP and microbiota. Gene transcriptions are measured using quantitative real‐time PCR. The GIT (stomach, colon, cecum, and feces) microbiota is analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing and the short‐chain fatty acids are detected using GC‐MS. Dietary administration of AJOP significantly alleviates hyperuricemia, regulates uric acid metabolism, inhibites the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF‐κB‐related signaling pathway, and restores m6A methylation levels. In addition, substantial heterogeneity is observed in GIT microbiota. Furthermore, FMT effectively alleviates hyperuricemia in mice by selectively regulating the corresponding pathways associated with AJOP treatment, indicating that the mechanism underlying the protective effects of AJOP is partly microbiota‐dependent. Conclusion This study demonstrates that AJOP exerts a protective effect on hyperuricemic mice by regulating uric acid metabolism, resulting in substantial heterogeneity among the GIT microbiota, thus mediating the beneficial effects in a microbiota‐dependent manner.