Ethical Issues of Human Microbiome Research

Abstract Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented explosion of knowledge in human microbiome research. Research on ‘our second genome’ will inevitably bring about dramatic changes in understanding of health and disease and shifts in the paradigm of managing clinical practice and public health interventions. We provide a state‐of‐the‐art overview of these challenges that relate to the broader ethical, legal and social aspects of human microbiome research as well as clinical applications. We focused on (1) human microbiome and personal identity; (2) risks, safety and privacy; (3) informed consent in microbiome‐based interventions; (4) biobanks; (5) commercialisation and hype and (6) public health implications. We hope to contribute to the healthy and sustainable progression of human microbiome research and promote dialogues between scientists, healthcare professionals and the general public. These ethical problems must be addressed as part of a successful regulatory response to emerging studies and translations of this area. Key Concepts Human microbiome research is the leading edge of scientific research. Human microbiome research contributes to health and disease but is still at its infancy. The unique risks and privacy protection of human microbial research should draw attention. Ownership and return of research results problem are even more complex with human microbiome biobanking. Overhype and commercialisation of human microbiome research not only cause risk to individuals but also cause a backlash effect against legitimate treatment. Urgent need to find a balance among the marketplace, scientific research and the public's health.