Aboveground plants determine the exchange of pathogens within air-phyllosphere-soil continuum in urban greenspaces

The microbiome in the air-phyllosphere-soil continuum of urban greenspaces plays a crucial role in re-connecting urban populations with biodiverse environmental microbiomes. However, little is known about whether plant type affects the airborne microbiomes, as well as the extent to which soil and phyllosphere microbiomes contribute to airborne microbiomes. Here we collected soil, phyllosphere and airborne microbes with different plant types (broadleaf tree, conifer tree, and grass) in urban parks. Despite the significant impacts of plant type on soil and phyllosphere microbiomes, plant type had no obvious effects on the diversity of airborne microbes but shaped airborne bacterial composition in urban greenspaces. Soil and phyllosphere microbiomes had a higher contribution to airborne bacteria in broadleaf trees (37.56%) compared to conifer trees (9.51%) and grasses (14.29%). Grass areas in urban greenspaces exhibited a greater proportion of potential pathogens compared to the tree areas. The abundance of bacterial pathogens in phyllosphere was significantly higher in grasses compared to broadleaf and conifer trees. Together, our study provides novel insights into the microbiome patterns in air-phyllosphere-soil continuum, highlighting the potential significance of reducing the proportion of extensively human-intervened grass areas in future urban environment designs to enhance the provision of ecosystem services in urban greenspaces.