Advancement in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review on the Potential of Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses a significant challenge in the field of cancer therapy due to its aggressive nature and limitations of targeted treatment options. In recent years, innovative approaches utilizing biomimetic nanoparticles have emerged as promising strategies for enhancing drug delivery efficiency and reducing side effects in TNBC treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in cell membrane-coated biomimetic nanoparticle systems designed specifically to address the complexities associated with TNBC. The background section highlights the unique characteristics of TNBC, its aggressive phenotype, lack of hormone receptors (ER, PR, HER2), and limited therapeutic options. Recognizing the escalating need for targeted therapies, the focus shifts to the development of cell membrane-coated nanocarriers as a promising avenue. Various types of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles are explored, including but not limited to erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, and cancer-cell membrane-coated nanoparticles. The distinct properties of each membrane type are analyzed in terms of their ability to enhance biocompatibility, evade immune detection, and achieve specific targeting of TNBC cells. A brief examination of extraction methods for obtaining cell membranes is presented, encompassing various techniques such as sonication, homogenization, and freeze-thawing. Challenges associated with the development and clinical translation of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles are discussed, addressing concerns related to scalability, reproducibility, and membrane extraction methods. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the prospects of cell membrane-coated biomimetic nanoparticle systems for TNBC treatment. Anticipated advancements in technology, emerging trends, and potential areas for further research are discussed, highlighting the trajectory of this field toward clinical implementation and improved outcomes for TNBC patients.