Effectiveness of Prehabilitation Modalities on Postoperative Outcomes Following Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials

Abstract Background Postoperative morbidity in patients undergoing curative colorectal cancer surgery is high. Prehabilitation has been suggested to reduce postoperative morbidity, however its effectiveness is still lacking. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of prehabilitation in reducing postoperative morbidity and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery. Methods A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in the CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Medline, PsychINFO, AMED, and Embase databases from inception to April 2023. Randomised controlled trials testing the effectiveness of prehabilitation, including exercise, nutrition, and/or psychological interventions, compared with usual care in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery were included. Two independent review authors extracted relevant information and assessed the risk of bias. Random-effect meta-analyses were used to pool outcomes, and the quality of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) guidelines. Results A total of 23 trials were identified ( N = 2475 patients), including multimodal (3 trials), exercise (3 trials), nutrition (16 trials), and psychological (1 trial) prehabilitation. There was moderate-quality evidence that preoperative nutrition significantly reduced postoperative infectious complications (relative risk 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45–0.94) and low-quality evidence on reducing the length of hospital stay (mean difference 0.87, 95% CI 0.17–1.58) compared with control. A single trial demonstrated an effect of multimodal prehabilitation on postoperative complication. Conclusion Nutrition prehabilitation was effective in reducing infectious complications and length of hospital stay. Whether other multimodal, exercise, and psychological prehabilitation modalities improve postoperative outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery is uncertain as the current quality of evidence is low. Protocol Registration Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VW72N ).