Association between short- and medium-term exposure to air pollutants and depressive episode using comprehensive air quality index among the population in South Korea

Currently, air pollution is suggested as a risk factor for depressive episodes. Our study aimed to consider multiple air pollutants simultaneously, and continuously evaluate air pollutants using comprehensive air quality index (CAI) with depressive episode risk. Using a nationally representative sample survey from South Korea between 2014 and 2020, 20,796 participants who underwent health examination and Patient Depression Questionnaire-9 were included in the study. Six air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, O3, CO, SO2, NO2) were measured for the analysis. Every air pollutant was standardized by air quality index (AQI) and CAI was calculated for universal representation. Using logistic regression, short- and medium-term exposure by AQI and CAI with the risk of depressive episode was calculated by odds ratio and 95 % confidence interval (CI). Furthermore, consecutive measurements of CAI over 1-month time intervals were evaluated with the risk of depressive episodes. Every analysis was conducted seasonally. There were 950 depressive episodes occurred during the survey. An increase in AQI for short-term exposure (0–30 days) showed higher risk of depressive episode in CO, while medium-term exposure (0–120 days) showed higher risk of depressive episode in CO, SO2, PM2.5, and PM10. During the cold season, the exposure to at least one abnormal CAI within 1-month intervals over 120 days was associated with a 68 % (95 % CI 1.11–2.54) increase in the risk of depressive episode. Short- and medium-term exposure of air pollution may be associated with an increased risk of depressive episodes, especially for cold season.