A study of charging-dispatch strategies and vehicle-to-grid technologies for electric vehicles in distribution networks

汽车工程 新闻聚合器 车辆到电网 电动汽车 电动汽车蓄电池 电气工程 计算机科学 充电站 电池(电) 工程类 功率(物理) 物理 量子力学 操作系统
作者
Muhammad Shahid Mastoi,Shengxian Zhuang,Hafiz Mudassir Munir,Malik Haris,Mannan Hassan,Mohammed Alqarni,Basem Alamri
出处
期刊:Energy Reports [Elsevier]
卷期号:9: 1777-1806 被引量:60
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.139
摘要

Various electric vehicle charging and discharging strategies (EVs) and V2G technologies are discussed in this article as their impacts on energy distribution networks. The V2G application that can be used on vehicles offers many benefits, as demonstrated. Features such as active power regulation, reactive power support, load balancing, and current harmonic filtering are incorporated into this technology. Although V2G technology has many benefits, there are also several challenges. These challenges include reduced battery life, communication overhead between EVs and grids, and changes in distribution network infrastructure. The article briefly discusses the effects of electric vehicle penetration levels, charging profiles, and various other aspects of controlled charging and discharging from a performance perspective. This includes overloading, deteriorating power quality, and power loss. A comprehensive analysis of controlled and uncontrolled charging–discharging methods, delayed charging–discharging methods, indirect controlled discharging methods, bidirectional charging–discharging methods, and intelligent scheduling is presented in this study. Several challenges and issues regarding electric vehicle applications are discussed from an aggregator’s perspective. Analysis shows that Li-ion batteries can be recharged 2000–4000 times, and a mass-produced Li-ion battery costs $200–$500 per kWh. Degradation costs of batteries at 80% discharge depth are estimated to be $130 per MWh at 300 kWh investment cost. 10% of peak capacity could come from PEVs in the 20% range. Around 87.5% of PEVs are properly charged.
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