Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of otitis media with effusion (OME) in children in Japan – 2022 update

This is an update of the 2015 Guidelines developed by the Japan Otological Society and Oto-Rhino-Laryngeal Society of Japan defining otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (younger than 12 years old) and describing the disease rate, diagnosis, and method of examination. Recommended therapies that received consensus from the guideline committee were updated in consideration of current therapies used in Japan and based on available evidence.Regarding the treatment of OME in children, we developed Clinical Questions (CQs) and retrieved documents on each theme, including the definition, disease state, method of diagnosis, and medical treatment. In the previous guidelines, no retrieval expression was used to designate a period of time for literature retrieval. Conversely, a literature search of publications from March 2014 to May 2019 has been added to the JOS 2015 Guidelines. For publication of the CQs, we developed and assigned strengths to recommendations based on the collected evidence.OME in children was classified into one group lacking the risk of developing chronic or intractable disease and another group at higher risk (e.g., children with Down syndrome, cleft palate), and recommendations for clinical management, including follow-up, is provided. Information regarding management of children with unilateral OME and intractable cases complicated by adhesive otitis media is also provided.In clinical management of OME in children, the Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines recommends management not only of complications of OME itself, such as effusion in the middle ear and pathologic changes in the tympanic membrane, but also pathologic changes in surrounding organs associated with infectious or inflammatory diseases.