Advanced Raman spectroscopy for nanoplastics analysis: Progress and perspective

An analytical method for nanoplastics with high sensitivity and selectivity is highly desirable to understand the impact of nanoplastics on the environment and human health. In this review article, we outline the challenges in nanoplastics analysis using Raman spectroscopy and provide an overview of the recent progress in nanoplastic analysis by advanced Raman spectroscopy including the hyphenated technology of Raman spectroscopy with other instrumental methods, and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with conventional SERS substrates and SERS integrated with sample preparation methods, highlighting the efforts made by researchers for improving the sensitivity, spatial resolution, accuracy, precision and feasibility of Raman spectroscopy for nanoplastic analysis. Finally, we summarize the current challenges in nanoplastic analysis by advanced Raman spectroscopy and proposed the opportunities for further research in this field, aiming to fill the knowledge gap and promote the further progress of nanoplastic analysis with advanced Raman spectroscopy.