Carbon nanomaterials: A growing tool for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a growing disease that affects people of different ages due to deficiencies in insulin action and secretion. Diabetes causing long-term hyperglycemia damages, destroys, and fails essential organs, including kidneys, eyes, hearts, nerves, and blood vessels. The involvement of pathogenic factors makes diabetes mellitus a severe disease. The autoimmune process results in insulin deficiency by destroying the beta-cells in the pancreas. This leads to insulin resistance. As a result of defects and abnormalities in fat, carbohydrate, and protein synthesis, insulin does not work as it should on the target tissues. As diabetes mellitus becomes, more severe, long-term and effective treatment becomes necessary. A wide range of nanomaterials can be used to treat diabetes mellitus in patients. In addition to being potential imaging, diagnostic, and treatment agents for diabetes mellitus, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are another group of nanoparticles that exhibit potential interest. The CNMs acts as implantable nanosensor to track and detect blood glucose level in patients with diabetes. CNMS are possible drug carriers that can treat diabetes mellitus selectively, precisely, and effectively. Diabetes mellitus can be diagnosed and treated with CNMs due to their structural specificity and high drug-loading efficiency. The present review explores CNMs for their types, synthesis, and anti-diabetic properties. This review aims to provide a detailed view of the new technology that can be used to decipher the mechanism of CNMs in diabetes mellitus.