Amenorrhea and Estrogen Disorders in Kidney Disease

Sexual and reproductive function are impacted negatively in individuals with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis plays a pivotal role in contributing to these manifestations as a result of decreasing kidney function and the development of uremia. Early menopause is encountered commonly in women with reduced kidney function, and treatment is problematic as a result of reduced kidney function changing the half-life of medications. Kidney transplantation corrects some of these abnormalities, but medications required after transplantation as well as the persistence of other comorbidities are barriers to normal restoration of gonadal dysfunction.