Pupal colour dimorphism in a desert swallowtail (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) is driven by changes in food availability, not photoperiod

1. The swallowtail butterfly B attus polydamas archidamas B oisduval, 1936, exhibits polyphenism for pupal coloration (green and brown). It is distributed across arid regions with winter rains and is monophagous on A ristolochia plants, which emerge after the winter rains and dry out the during summer. Thus, day length does not covary positively with host plant productivity. It was hypothesised that pupal colour was driven by food availability, not photoperiod. The benefits of pupal coloration matching the colour of pupation sites in terms of field survival were also investigated to evaluate the adaptive value of pupa colour. 2. Larvae were reared under a factorial array of two photoperiods (LD 10 : 14 h and LD 14 : 10 h) and two food availability regimes (leaves ad libitum and available every other day) to assess the frequency of green and brown pupae. Field survival of green and brown pupae was quantified in three commonly used habitats that differ in background coloration (cacti, rocks and shrubs). 3. Food availability determined pupal colour. Larvae in the ad libitum regime resulted mostly in green pupae, while those with restricted food were mostly brown. In contrast, photoperiod did not influence pupal colour. Survival probability of pupae placed on cacti was higher than those placed on rocks and shrubs, and the lowest predation risk across habitats was for green pupae on cacti. 4. Food availability plays a major role in the seasonal polyphenism for pupal colour of specialist butterflies inhabiting arid environments with winter rains.