The introduction of a perovskite seed layer for high performance perovskite solar cells

A compact seed perovskite layer (CSPL) with a p–i–n planar heterojunction structure for perovskite solar cells achieved a 19.24% power conversion efficiency with a record open circuit voltage of 1.16 V and 20.37% PCE was achieved with a CSPL assisted n–i–p structure in a pure crystal perovskite film. The CSPL assists vertical growth of the perovskite crystal to enhance device performance.