Osteocytes: Master Orchestrators of Bone

骨细胞 旁分泌信号 骨重建 基质骨 骨细胞 人口 神经科学 多细胞生物 效应器 细胞生物学 骨形成 电池类型 化学 成骨细胞 生物 细胞 解剖 医学 内分泌学 生物化学 受体 体外 软骨 环境卫生
作者
Mitchell B. Schaffler,Wing-Yee Cheung,Robert J. Majeska,Oran D. Kennedy
出处
期刊:Calcified Tissue International [Springer Nature]
卷期号:94 (1): 5-24 被引量:356
标识
DOI:10.1007/s00223-013-9790-y
摘要

Osteocytes comprise the overwhelming majority of cells in bone and are its only true "permanent" resident cell population. In recent years, conceptual and technological advances on many fronts have helped to clarify the role osteocytes play in skeletal metabolism and the mechanisms they use to perform them. The osteocyte is now recognized as a major orchestrator of skeletal activity, capable of sensing and integrating mechanical and chemical signals from their environment to regulate both bone formation and resorption. Recent studies have established that the mechanisms osteocytes use to sense stimuli and regulate effector cells (e.g., osteoblasts and osteoclasts) are directly coupled to the environment they inhabit-entombed within the mineralized matrix of bone and connected to each other in multicellular networks. Communication within these networks is both direct (via cell-cell contacts at gap junctions) and indirect (via paracrine signaling by secreted signals). Moreover, the movement of paracrine signals is dependent on the movement of both solutes and fluid through the space immediately surrounding the osteocytes (i.e., the lacunar-canalicular system). Finally, recent studies have also shown that the regulatory capabilities of osteocytes extend beyond bone to include a role in the endocrine control of systemic phosphate metabolism. This review will discuss how a highly productive combination of experimental and theoretical approaches has managed to unearth these unique features of osteocytes and bring to light novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms operating in bone.
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