Modulation of Colloidal Particle Stiffness for the Exploration of Bio–Nano Interactions

Tuning the physicochemical parameters (e.g., size, shape, and surface chemistry) of colloidal particles (CPs) for the engineering of drug carriers has proven to be a promising approach to improve drug delivery efficacy. Recently, the stiffness of CPs has attracted widespread attention for modulating bio–nano interactions. In this perspective, we outline the strategies for the modulation and characterization of CP stiffness and highlight the importance of CP stiffness in the control over biological interactions. Challenges and opportunities of current and future developments in the modulation of CP stiffness for the exploration of bio–nano interactions in therapeutic delivery are also discussed. This perspective is expected to help thoroughly understand the role of CP stiffness in bio–nano interactions and facilitate the design of CPs as carriers for improved drug and vaccine delivery.