Genome-wide identification, evolution, and expression analysis of GATA transcription factors in apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.)

Plant GATA transcription factors are type-IV zinc-finger proteins that play important regulatory roles in plant growth and development. In this study, we identified 35 GATA genes classified into four groups in the whole genome sequence of Malus domestica. A physiochemical property analysis indicated that GATA proteins are largely unstable hydrophilic proteins. An analysis of conserved protein motifs uncovered three highly conserved motifs, in addition to the GATA motif, in all MdGATA proteins. These three motifs, CCT, TIFY, and ASXH, were found to occur in specific GATA groups and may be related to GATA gene function. We identified 10 pairs of putative paralogs, indicating that MdGATA genes have mainly undergone whole genome duplication. Eighteen orthologous gene pairs were also identified between Arabidopsis thaliana and M. domestica. Furthermore, many light-responsive cis-elements were found in MdGATA gene promoters. Tissue-specific expression analysis performed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR showed that MdGATA genes were preferentially expressed in flowers, leaves, and buds. Apple seedlings maintained in darkness for 7days exhibited a moderate decline in chlorophyll content along with significant down-regulation of most MdGATA genes, suggesting that MdGATA genes may be involved in light-responsive development and chlorophyll-level regulation. The distinctly higher expression levels observed for many MdGATA genes during three stages of floral induction also indicate that MdGATA genes may play a role in the apple flowering transition. The results presented here lay the foundation for further investigation of MdGATA gene family putative functions and improvement of apple yields.