The status of PAI-1 as a risk factor for arterial and thrombotic disease: A review

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a rapid inhibitor of tissue plasminogen (tPA) in vivo. Evidence suggests that the level of plasma PAM activity is responsible for the regulation of the whole fibrinolytic process through this tPA/PAI-1 interaction. Levels of PAM have therefore emerged as a candidate for a thrombotic risk factor. Recent epidemiological data supports the view that high plasma levels of PAI-1 may be important in the pathogenesis of arterial and thrombotic disease. These data are reviewed and their significance discussed. PAI-1 expression has been shown to be regulated by many different factors in vitro and the relevance of these data to in vivo physiology is addressed. The current knowledge of the biochemistry, expression and genetics of PAM is also presented and the significance of this to disease pathogenesis is discussed.