Low-Temperature Processed TiO₂ Nanoparticle Layer with Inorganic Binder for Perovskite Solar Cell

In this study, we report on the low-temperature (<120 °C) fabrication of a mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) layer for use in perovskite solar cells. The TiO 2 layer used was produced from a solution of TiO 2 nanoparticles, purified water and titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) acting as a precursor of an inorganic binder network. We compared the properties of TiO 2 layers resulting from different molar ratios (ranging from 0.1:1∼0.5:1) of titanium isopropoxide to TiO 2 nanoparticles. Finally, perovskite solar cells were fabricated based on our optimized TiO 2 molar ratio (TTIP:TiO 2 = 0.1:1) and found to exhibit a short-circuit current density of ∼16.01 mA cm –2 and photoelectric conversion efficiency of ∼5.57%, respectively.