Germination, overcoming seed dormancy and endozoochory dispersal by cattle of native species from natural grassland

Abstract Natural grasslands, one of the main ecosystems worldwide, are under threat and native species are desired when addressing restoration issues. The main processes for grasslands restoration success are plant establishment and seed addition in the soil. Thus, it requires overcoming barriers that prevent germination and seed dispersal strategies. This study aimed to assess the germination potential, treatments to overcome seed dormancy and endozoochory dispersal of forage native species by cattle. Seeds from 21 native species from the four most common botanical families (Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Cyperaceae) were collected in a natural grassland area (Pampa Biome) and used in the experiments. Experiment I: germination under controlled conditions of all species was carried out and compared to commercial forage ( Paspalum notatum cv. “Pensacola”). Experiment II: three treatments to overcome seed dormancy (mechanical and chemical scarification; priming agent) were tested in six species. Experiment III: the recovery, viability and germination of native P. notatum Flüggé and Desmodium incanum DC seeds from cattle faeces were evaluated. The results show that Paspalum umbrosum Trin. and Saccharum angustifolium Nees have high germination potential when compared to commercial forage. The treatments to overcome seed dormancy increased the germination of D. incanum , Paspalum plicatulum Michx. and Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Total seed recovery of 15% ( P. notatum ) and 26% ( D. incanum ), without affecting seed viability, show that cattle are able to supply the soil seed bank with native species. Germination potential, treatments to overcome seed dormancy and endozoochory dispersal of forage native species may be exploited in natural grassland restoration.