Multiple sclerosis in 2023: beyond the boundaries

In 2023, three prominent themes have dominated multiple sclerosis research: (1) the view of the disease as a continuum, whereby inflammation and neurodegeneration coexist from onset and evolve over time in a seamless manner; (2) the search for new biomarkers to help define, monitor, or predict the disease course over time; and (3) the early identification of the disease, with implications for very early treatment.